On average, supply costs of tradable biomass fuels in the EU-15 vary from 1.6 EUR/GJ (solid industrial residues) to 5.4 EUR/GJ (solid energy crops). On average, the supply costs of solid energy crops are close to those of imported biomass, which was taken at a standard level of 6 EUR/GJ. Single average supply costs of 23-29 EUR/GJ were determined for the refined bio-transport fuels bio-ethanol (from sugar beet and wheat) and biodiesel (from rape and sunflower seed).
Average supply costs of tradable biomass and crops for transport fuels (EUR/GJ).
| |
EU-15
|
10 NMS + BG + RO
|
|
|
€/GJ
|
€/toe
|
€/GJ
|
€/toe
|
|
Tradables
|
|
|
|
|
|
Forestry by-products
|
2.4
|
100
|
2.1
|
88
|
|
Wood fuels
|
4.3
|
180
|
2.7
|
113
|
|
Dry agricultural residues
|
3.0
|
126
|
2.1
|
88
|
|
Solid industrial residues
|
1.6
|
67
|
2.5
|
105
|
|
Solid energy crops
|
5.4
|
226
|
4.4
|
184
|
|
Imported biofuels
|
6
|
251
|
6
|
251
|
|
Transport fuels
|
|
|
|
|
|
Biodiesel
|
23
|
≈ 960
|
23
|
≈ 960
|
|
Bio-ethanol
|
29
|
≈ 1200
|
29
|
≈ 1200
|
Source: BTG, 2004
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Concerning the liquid biofuels, ECN gathered the following data from literature.
Overview of investment costs and production costs
| |
Investment costs
|
Productions costs
|
Productions costs
|
| |
short term
|
long term
|
short term
|
long term
|
short term
|
long term
|
| |
[€/kWth]
|
[€/kWth]
|
[€/litre]
|
[€/litre]
|
[€/GJ]
|
[€/GJ]
|
|
Ethanol (sugar crops)
|
290
|
170
|
0.32 - 0.54
|
|
15 - 25
|
|
|
Ethanol (wood)
|
350
|
180
|
0.11 - 0.32
|
5 - 15
|
|
RME
|
150
|
110
|
0.50
|
0.20
|
15
|
6
|
|
Methanol
|
700
|
530
|
0.14 - 0.20
|
0.10
|
9 - 13
|
7
|
|
DME
|
|
|
0.27
|
|
14
|
|
|
Fischer-Tropsch diesel
|
720-770
|
500-540
|
0.31 - 0.45
|
9 - 13
|
|
Pyrolysis oil
|
1.000
|
790
|
0.06 - 0.25
|
4 - 18
|
|
HTU diesel
|
535
|
400
|
0.16 - 0.24
|
5 - 7
|
Source: ECN, 2003.
Competitiveness in the electricity market
Capital costs and efficiencies of principal bioelectricity and competing conversion technologies
|
Technology
|
Capital cost in 2002
(EUR/kWe)
|
Capital cost in 2020
(EUR/kWe)
|
Electrical efficiency
(%)
|
Cost of electricity in 2020 **
(EUR/MWh)
|
|
Existing coal – co-firing
|
250
|
250
|
35 - 40
|
24 – 47
|
|
Existing coal and natural gas combined cycle – parallel firing
|
700
|
600
|
35 - 40
|
34 – 59
|
|
Grate / fluid bed boiler + steam turbine*
|
1500 - 2500
|
1500 - 2500
|
20 - 40
|
57 - 140
|
|
Gasification + diesel engine or gas turbine - (50 kWe – 30 MW)*
|
1500 - 2500
|
1000 - 2000
|
20 – 30
|
50 - 120
|
|
Gasification + combined cycle - (30 – 100 MWe)
|
5000 - 6000
|
1500 - 2500
|
40 – 50
|
53 - 100
|
|
Wet biomass digestion + engine or turbine
|
2000 - 5000
|
2000 - 5000
|
25 - 35
|
52 - 130
|
|
Landfill gas + engine or turbine
|
1000 - 1200
|
1000
|
25 - 35
|
26
|
|
Pulverised coal – 500 MWe
|
1300
|
1300
|
35 - 40
|
48 – 50
|
|
Natural gas combined cycle – 500 MWe
|
500
|
500
|
50 - 55
|
23 - 35
|
* Larger scale systems will be characterised by the lowest cost and higher efficiency in the value ranges
** 15% discount rate; biomass fuel cost between 7,2 and 14,4 EUR/MWh except for digestion and landfill gas plants where fuel cost assumed to be zero; coal cost 5,8 EUR/MWh; natural gas cost between 5,4 and 10,8 EUR/MWh. The cost is calculated for electricity supply only and cogeneration could reduce the electricity cost significantly.
Source: Bauen et. al,2003
